Cough, cold, and sore throat in children: how to protect the respiratory tract

Causes, risk factors, and prevention strategies in pediatrics

Cough, cold, and sore throat are among the most common symptoms in children, particularly during the autumn and winter months. Lower temperatures, increased time spent indoors, and the school routines all contribute to greater exposure to viruses and other environmental agents, directly affecting the upper respiratory tract.

Under these conditions, the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa may become more vulnerable to environmental stressors, increasing the risk of inflammation. Upper respiratory tract infections, most often of viral origin, are a physiological and expected feature of pediatric age. Nevertheless, they can cause discomfort and interfere with a child’s daily well-being.

Why cough and cold are more common in children

A child’s immune system is still developing and has not yet built a complete immunological memory. This makes the body more susceptible to viruses and bacteria, especially in high-density settings such as daycare centers and preschools.

Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, while generally mild, play a role in the immune system’s “learning process”. Through repeated exposure to different pathogens, immune defenses gradually become more effective. However, symptom frequency may be high in the early years of life, highlighting the importance of appropriate preventive strategies.

Supporting the immune system is also key to preventing seasonal illnesses: we discussed this in our in-depth article on the correlation between vitamins and the immune system.

Antibiotic use: when to avoid it and when it is necessary

In cases of cough, cold, or sore throat, immediate antibiotic therapy is generally not indicated. Antibiotics are effective only against bacterial infections and are ineffective in viral illnesses, which account for the majority of seasonal respiratory conditions in children.

Inappropriate antibiotic use may lead to adverse effects and contribute to antimicrobial resistance, with significant long-term implications. Conversely, antibiotic treatment is essential in specific clinical situations — such as certain forms of bacterial tonsillitis — which must always be assessed and diagnosed by a pediatrician.

Adequate recovery time after an infectious episode is equally important. Proper convalescence allows the immune system to fully restore its defenses, reducing the risk of relapse.

Preventing seasonal illnesses: the role of respiratory mucosa

Protecting and maintaining the integrity of the upper respiratory tract mucosa is a key aspect of preventing cough, cold, and sore throat in children. The mucosal surfaces act as a critical barrier against external agents and play an active role in immune defense mechanisms.

For this reason, certain substances are used to support mucosal function by promoting hydration and restoring physiological conditions. Hyaluronic acid, in particular, is well known for its ability to retain water and help maintain adequate hydration of mucosal surfaces.

Hyaluronic acid and the respiratory tract: functional support

When applied locally — through nasal sprays or nebulized solutions — hyaluronic acid may help support the normal function of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa. Thanks to its hydrating properties, it can reduce sensations of dryness, burning, and irritation, promoting more favorable conditions for respiratory comfort.

Proper mucosal hydration also supports effective ciliary activity, a key physiological mechanism involved in clearing particles and microorganisms from the airways. Preserving this function is particularly important during periods of increased exposure to irritants or infectious agents.

Natural extracts and oral health: the role of myrrh

Alongside hydrating and protective solutions, natural extracts have traditionally been used to support the mucosa of the oral cavity and throat. Among these, myrrh extract is recognized for its functional properties and is of interest in managing mild irritation of the upper respiratory tract.

Myrrh has long been used to help maintain the physiological balance of oral mucosa and for its soothing effect in cases of throat redness or discomfort. When included in topical formulations, it may provide valuable support during periods when cough and sore throat are more prevalent.

When integrated into a balanced approach and tailored to the child’s age and specific needs, natural substances can complement preventive practices and contribute to overall respiratory comfort.

When to consult a pediatrician

Medical evaluation by a pediatrician is always recommended in cases of persistent symptoms, clinical worsening, or high fever. Accurate assessment helps distinguish self-limiting conditions from those requiring specific intervention, avoiding unnecessary or inappropriate treatments.

Disclaimer
This content is intended for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. For personalized evaluation of a child’s health, consultation with a pediatrician or qualified healthcare professional is always recommended.