Vitamins and Minerals in Children: Deficiencies, Requirements, and the Role of Supplements

When diet is sufficient and when targeted evaluation is needed

During childhood, the body undergoes critical phases of growth and development that require an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals. Nutritional requirements vary according to age, sex, body weight, growth velocity, and physical activity level; therefore, no single nutritional model can be applied to all children.

Under physiological conditions, a varied and well-balanced diet is generally sufficient to meet pediatric nutritional needs. However, in specific circumstances, a more in-depth assessment may be necessary to identify potential deficiencies and to determine whether targeted supplementation is appropriate.

Essential Micronutrients in Pediatric Development

Vitamins and minerals play a fundamental role in growth processes, cognitive development, bone health, and proper immune system function. The micronutrients of greatest relevance during childhood include the following:

Iron

Among the micronutrients of greatest interest during growth, iron deserves special attention. It is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport and contributes to normal immune function. Iron deficiency may result from inadequate dietary intake or increased requirements during periods of rapid growth. Key dietary sources include meat, fish, eggs, and legumes.

Zinc

Zinc is involved in cell division and the activity of numerous enzymes, making it crucial for normal growth and development. It is found in meat, eggs, dairy products, whole grains, and legumes.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism and skeletal health. It is primarily synthesized in the skin through exposure to sunlight, while dietary sources provide only limited amounts.

Calcium and Phosphorus

These minerals act synergistically in bone mineralization and are vital for the development and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth. They are also involved in muscle contraction and energy production.

Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)

Folic acid is necessary for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation. It is found in leafy green vegetables, legumes, citrus fruits, and milk.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A supports visual function, growth, and the maintenance of mucosal tissues and immune defenses. It is present in animal-derived foods and, in the form of carotenoids, in orange- and green-colored fruits and vegetables.

B-Group Vitamins (especially B6 and B12)

These vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and nervous system function. Vitamin B12 is found almost exclusively in foods of animal origin.

Vitamin C

Known for its antioxidant properties, vitamin C helps protect cells from oxidative stress and supports normal immune function. It is abundant in fresh fruits and vegetables.

Iodine, Fluoride, and Copper

These micronutrients contribute respectively to thyroid function, dental health, and the formation of red blood cells and connective tissues.

Do Children Need Vitamin and Mineral Supplements?

In general, a balanced diet is the main source of essential vitamins and minerals during infancy, therefore children who follow a balanced diet do not require vitamin or mineral supplements. Supplementation should not be considered a substitute for healthy eating, but rather a targeted intervention to be used only when clinically indicated.

When Supplementation May Be Indicated

There are specific conditions in which a pediatrician may evaluate the need for targeted nutritional support with vitamins and minerals supplements:

• Infants, particularly for vitamin D and, in the first days of life, vitamin K
• Children following restrictive diets (such as vegetarian or vegan diets that are not adequately planned), who may be at risk of iron or vitamin B12 deficiencies
• Medical conditions that impair nutrient absorption, including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, or a history of gastrointestinal surgery
• Prolonged periods of selective eating, with the exclusion of entire food groups

In these situations, supplementation should always be personalized and clinically monitored, avoiding unsupervised or unnecessary use.

The Pediatrician’s Role in Nutritional Assessment

Assessing a child’s nutritional status is an integral part of routine pediatric care. Through dietary history, growth monitoring, and — when appropriate — laboratory testing, the pediatrician can identify nutritional risks early and recommend the most appropriate intervention.

This content is intended for informational purposes only and does not replace medical or pediatric advice. Decisions regarding vitamin or mineral supplementation should always be made in consultation with a healthcare professional.